{"id":24154,"date":"2026-07-09T09:31:30","date_gmt":"2026-07-09T09:31:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/?p=24154"},"modified":"2026-07-09T09:31:33","modified_gmt":"2026-07-09T09:31:33","slug":"from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/","title":{"rendered":"From USSR to Blockchain: Comparing Centralized and Decentralized Science Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"scien-487361626\" class=\"scien-before-content scien-entity-placement\"><style>\r\n.amazon-support-link {\r\n    display: inline-flex;\r\n    align-items: baseline;\r\n    gap: 0.3rem;\r\n    padding: 0.35rem 0.55rem;\r\n    color: inherit;\r\n    font-size: 0.88rem;\r\n    line-height: 1.2;\r\n    text-decoration: none;\r\n    opacity: 0.72;\r\n    white-space: nowrap;\r\n    transition: opacity 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link:hover,\r\n.amazon-support-link:focus-visible {\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link small {\r\n    font-size: 0.65rem;\r\n    opacity: 0.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n    .amazon-support-link small {\r\n        display: none;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<a class=\"amazon-support-link\"\r\n   href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/?tag=vpf04-20\"\r\n   target=\"_blank\"\r\n   rel=\"nofollow sponsored noopener\"\r\n   aria-label=\"Shop on Amazon and support World Science DAO\">\r\n    Shop on Amazon <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span>\r\n    <small>affiliate link<\/small>\r\n<\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By 2026, <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/decentralized-governance\/\">decentralized science<\/a> has moved from crypto-native experimentation into a serious funding layer for translational research, where tokenized intellectual property, major venture syndicates, patient communities, and institutional diligence now meet. <strong>Centralized vs Decentralized Science<\/strong> no longer describes a culture war between universities and blockchains. It describes two operating systems for capital allocation, evidence review, ownership, and accountability in fields where one missed clinical milestone can burn years and millions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#The_Planning_State_and_the_Scientific_Machine\" >The Planning State and the Scientific Machine<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#From_Command_Allocation_to_On-Chain_Commitments\" >From Command Allocation to On-Chain Commitments<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#Where_Funding_Design_Should_Split_by_Risk\" >Where Funding Design Should Split by Risk<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#The_Hard_Frictions_DeSci_Cannot_Ignore\" >The Hard Frictions DeSci Cannot Ignore<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#A_Practical_DAO_Operating_Model\" >A Practical DAO Operating Model<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#Final_Perspective\" >Final Perspective<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#Whats_the_difference_between_centralized_vs_decentralized_science\" >What&#8217;s the difference between centralized vs decentralized science?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#Why_did_the_Soviet_science_model_eventually_struggle\" >Why did the Soviet science model eventually struggle?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#What_does_science_governance_history_teach_us_today\" >What does science governance history teach us today?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#Are_managed_research_systems_still_relevant_now\" >Are managed research systems still relevant now?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#How_does_this_DAO_comparison_actually_hold_up\" >How does this DAO comparison actually hold up?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/from-ussr-to-blockchain-comparing-centralized-and-decentralized-science-systems\/#Could_centralized_and_decentralized_science_work_together\" >Could centralized and decentralized science work together?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Planning_State_and_the_Scientific_Machine\"><\/span>The Planning State and the Scientific Machine<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The USSR built one of history\u2019s most ambitious research architectures. Its logic was administrative clarity. Institutes handled discovery, ministries directed application, and universities played a smaller research role than they did in the Anglo-American model. The <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/current-scientific-research-aiim-and-the-ussr-similarities-differences-and-effectiveness\/\"><strong>Soviet science model<\/strong><\/a> concentrated agenda-setting in state priorities, not in open market signals, patient demand, or investigator-led portfolio formation. Springer\u2019s post-Soviet research analysis describes a large institute network tied to academies and sectoral ministries, with universities holding a minor research role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern science still carries weaker versions of that pattern. National grant committees rank proposals. Review panels reward legibility. University TTOs protect patents through cautious licensing terms and option agreements that can outlast a startup\u2019s financing window. AUTM frames technology transfer around moving academic discoveries toward practical use, yet the route from lab asset to fundable company still depends on local policy, patent status, and negotiation skill.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"From_Command_Allocation_to_On-Chain_Commitments\"><\/span>From Command Allocation to On-Chain Commitments<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A useful reading of <strong>science governance history<\/strong> does not romanticize decentralization. It asks where centralized systems created throughput and where they created blind spots. State planning can fund equipment-heavy programs, protect long time horizons, and coordinate labs during crises. It struggles when small, interdisciplinary teams need fast capital, global contributors, and flexible intellectual property structures before a traditional venture round looks rational.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DeSci tries to compress that path. An IP-NFT or related IP token structure can connect legal agreements, research data, milestone rights, and governance into a digitally traceable asset. Molecule\u2019s IP-NFT model links decentralized infrastructure, smart contracts, and legal agreements. VitaDAO describes IPTs as tokens that can represent licensing rights, royalties, equity exposure, or financial interest in research assets. That does not remove patent law. It makes the funding wrapper more programmable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Where_Funding_Design_Should_Split_by_Risk\"><\/span>Where Funding Design Should Split by Risk<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Research stage<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Best-fit capital design<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Governance emphasis<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Preclinical hypothesis<\/td><td>Milestone grants with small token upside<\/td><td>Reproducibility review<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>IND-enabling studies<\/td><td>Tranched funding tied to toxicology and CMC<\/td><td>Budget control<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Early clinical trial<\/td><td>DAO plus specialist venture capital<\/td><td>FDA pathway readiness<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Renewable science pilots<\/td><td>Revenue-share or infrastructure tokens<\/td><td>Deployment evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The lesson from <strong>managed research systems<\/strong> is blunt. Committees can mobilize resources, but they often protect the plan after the evidence changes. A DAO should not copy that failure with token theater. It needs staged capital, domain-specific review councils, and automatic pause rights when animal data, assay replication, or recruitment assumptions fail.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Hard_Frictions_DeSci_Cannot_Ignore\"><\/span>The Hard Frictions DeSci Cannot Ignore<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Clinical translation remains unforgiving. Sponsors still need clean protocols, principal investigator accountability, adverse event reporting, manufacturing documentation, and a route through FDA review. The FDA\u2019s guidance on decentralized trial elements recognizes telehealth visits, in-home visits, and local provider participation, but it still places responsibility on sponsors and investigators. Blockchain records can improve provenance, yet they do not replace GCP discipline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cross-border IP tokenization adds another layer. A German university license, a U.S. Delaware entity, a Singapore foundation, and contributors paid through a DAO treasury may all touch the same asset. TTOs worry about securities exposure, sublicensing control, publication rights, background IP, march-in rights, sanctions screening, and whether token holders can influence decisions that belong to qualified scientific managers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Practical_DAO_Operating_Model\"><\/span>A Practical DAO Operating Model<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A credible <strong>DAO comparison<\/strong> should measure execution, not ideology. The strongest DeSci organizations in 2026 act less like online clubs and more like transparent venture studios with community oversight. They publish review memos, separate scientific voting from treasury voting, and let credentialed reviewers challenge assumptions before funds move.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The operating model should include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Scientific council seats with conflict disclosures and term limits<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Milestone disbursement controlled by independent data review<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Token rights that define economics without confusing patent title<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Regulatory gates before animal, human, or environmental deployment<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Quorum rules that reduce whale capture and voter fatigue<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">DAO research also shows recurring risks around low participation, concentrated voting power, and high proposer concentration. Good DeSci design treats those risks as engineering constraints, not public relations issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Final_Perspective\"><\/span>Final Perspective<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The real answer to <strong>Centralized vs Decentralized Science<\/strong> is not replacement. It is allocation discipline. Centralized funding works best for heavy infrastructure, national security, and long-horizon public goods, while decentralized funding works best for neglected translational gaps, early IP formation, and globally distributed review. <strong>The <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/\"><strong>Science DAO<\/strong><\/a> should optimize research capital through milestone tranches, compliant IP wrappers, specialist review, and transparent governance. Researchers and funders can submit a proposal or join the governance community when ready to contribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span>FAQs<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Whats_the_difference_between_centralized_vs_decentralized_science\"><\/span>What&#8217;s the difference between centralized vs decentralized science?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Honestly, it&#8217;s about who calls the shots. With <strong>centralized vs decentralized science<\/strong>, a small circle of institutions usually decides on funding and publishing, whereas the decentralized route hands that power to a much bigger, more open crowd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_did_the_Soviet_science_model_eventually_struggle\"><\/span>Why did the Soviet science model eventually struggle?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A small group under the <strong>Soviet science model<\/strong> got to pick which research counted. Anything outside their approved list mostly got ignored. That kind of narrow control ended up choking off original thinking and slowing everything down over the years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_does_science_governance_history_teach_us_today\"><\/span>What does science governance history teach us today?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you look back through <strong>science governance history<\/strong>, one pattern keeps showing up. Power sitting in too few hands creates blind spots and wastes good talent. Letting more voices in tends to catch problems earlier and spark better ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Are_managed_research_systems_still_relevant_now\"><\/span>Are managed research systems still relevant now?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are, at least for now. <strong>Managed research systems<\/strong> still make sense for massive projects that need heavy coordination and steady resources. That said, a lot of people think adding more openness and outside input could only help going forward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_does_this_DAO_comparison_actually_hold_up\"><\/span>How does this DAO comparison actually hold up?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No clear winner here really. This <strong>DAO comparison<\/strong> just shows different tradeoffs side by side. Decentralized setups bring openness and community voice, traditional ones bring proven structure and oversight, and honestly both fit depending on what the research needs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Could_centralized_and_decentralized_science_work_together\"><\/span>Could centralized and decentralized science work together?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00a0Yes, mixing the oversight you get from centralized systems with the open participation of decentralized ones could balance things out nicely, giving researchers some stability while still leaving room for fresh ideas and wider collaboration to grow.<\/p>\n<div id=\"scien-686710239\" class=\"scien-after-content scien-entity-placement\"><section>\r\n\r\n<h2>Support Independent Science<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Supporting independent science is not only a matter of fairness to researchers whose expertise and work are often underfunded. It is also essential for addressing <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/who-are-science-marketers\/\">systemic failures in scientific publishing<\/a> that delay discoveries and leave important results unnoticed. In science and software, even one missing component can prevent an entire system from working.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Help valuable research and open-source infrastructure move forward.<\/strong> Please <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/donation\/\">make a donation<\/a><\/strong> to support <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/amateur-scientists\/\">independent scientists<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/free-software\/\">free software developers<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\tOur flagship product is <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/meritocracy\/\">AI Internet-Meritocracy<\/a> - an app, that unlike universities distributes money directly to researchers and open source developers, without bureaucracy.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div><div id=\"scien-3703011591\" class=\"scien-after-content-2 scien-entity-placement\"><div data-nosnippet style=\"max-width: 800px\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0\">Ads:<\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n    \/* Compact Table Styling *\/\r\n    .amazon-ad-table {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n        max-width: 800px;\r\n        border-collapse: collapse;\r\n        margin: 10px auto;\r\n        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n        border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table th {\r\n        background-color: #f3f3f3;\r\n        padding: 8px;\r\n        text-align: left;\r\n        border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;\r\n        font-size: 0.9em;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table td {\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n        border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n        vertical-align: middle;\r\n    }\r\n    \/* Column sizing *\/\r\n    .col-image { width: 15%; 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}\r\n        .amazon-ad-table tr { display: flex; flex-direction: column; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding: 10px; }\r\n        .amazon-ad-table td { width: 100%; border: none; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center; }\r\n        .col-desc { text-align: center; }\r\n    }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<table class=\"amazon-ad-table\">\r\n    <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <th>Description<\/th>\r\n            <th>Action<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n    <\/thead>\r\n    <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0553380168?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">A Brief History of Time<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Stephen Hawking<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">A landmark volume in science writing exploring cosmology, black holes, and the nature of the universe in accessible language.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0553380168?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0393609391?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Astrophysics for People in a Hurry<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Neil deGrasse Tyson<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">Tyson brings the universe down to Earth clearly, with wit and charm, in chapters you can read anytime, anywhere.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0393609391?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n         <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s?k=raspberry+pi+4+starter+kit&tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Raspberry Pi Starter Kits<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">Supports Computer Science Education<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">Inexpensive computers designed to promote basic computer science education. Buying kits supports this ecosystem.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s?k=raspberry+pi+4+starter+kit&tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">View Options<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Sam Williams<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">A detailed history of the free software movement, essential reading for understanding the philosophy behind open source.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n    <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"affiliate-disclosure\">\r\n    <p>As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases resulting from links on this page.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By 2026, decentralized science has moved from crypto-native experimentation into a serious funding layer for translational research, where tokenized intellectual property, major venture syndicates, patient communities, and institutional diligence now [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":16,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24154","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24154","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/16"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24154"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24154\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24155,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24154\/revisions\/24155"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24154"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24154"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24154"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}