{"id":19399,"date":"2025-09-22T19:28:59","date_gmt":"2025-09-22T19:28:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science-dao-new.vporton.name\/?p=19399"},"modified":"2026-07-03T06:53:21","modified_gmt":"2026-07-03T06:53:21","slug":"socialism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/socialism\/","title":{"rendered":"Rethinking Socialism in the Digital Age in 2026"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"scien-1628267028\" class=\"scien-before-content scien-entity-placement\"><style>\r\n.amazon-support-link {\r\n    display: inline-flex;\r\n    align-items: baseline;\r\n    gap: 0.3rem;\r\n    padding: 0.35rem 0.55rem;\r\n    color: inherit;\r\n    font-size: 0.88rem;\r\n    line-height: 1.2;\r\n    text-decoration: none;\r\n    opacity: 0.72;\r\n    white-space: nowrap;\r\n    transition: opacity 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link:hover,\r\n.amazon-support-link:focus-visible {\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link small {\r\n    font-size: 0.65rem;\r\n    opacity: 0.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n    .amazon-support-link small {\r\n        display: none;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<a class=\"amazon-support-link\"\r\n   href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/?tag=vpf04-20\"\r\n   target=\"_blank\"\r\n   rel=\"nofollow sponsored noopener\"\r\n   aria-label=\"Shop on Amazon and support World Science DAO\">\r\n    Shop on Amazon <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span>\r\n    <small>affiliate link<\/small>\r\n<\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For over a century, socialism has been understood in terms of factories, land, railroads, and natural resources\u2014the tangible \u201cmeans of production.\u201d But in today\u2019s digital economy, those classical categories look increasingly outdated. We must ask: what <em>are<\/em> the means of production in the 21st century, and what does socialism mean when <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/product-status\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/\">production<\/a> happens in clouds and code rather than in coal mines and steel mills?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/socialism\/#What_Are_the_Means_of_Production_in_the_Digital_World\" >What Are the Means of Production in the Digital World?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/socialism\/#Social_Justice_Versus_Ownership\" >Social Justice Versus Ownership<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/socialism\/#Is_Effective_Socialism_Possible\" >Is Effective Socialism Possible?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/socialism\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_the_Means_of_Production_in_the_Digital_World\"><\/span>What Are the Means of Production in the Digital World?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-1024x576.png\" alt=\"Socialism \" class=\"wp-image-19953\" title=\"Socialism \" srcset=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-1140x641.png 1140w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-920x518.png 920w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-575x323.png 575w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation-380x214.png 380w, https:\/\/science-dao.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Blue-Elegant-The-Impact-of-Social-Media-Presentation.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the digital economy, the primary productive assets are not physical machines but <strong>infrastructure and knowledge<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cloud computing platforms<\/strong>: AWS, Google Cloud, Azure and their analogues are the \u201cfactories\u201d of the digital age. They provide the computing power that drives almost every modern industry.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Software and algorithms<\/strong>: Operating systems, programming frameworks, and AI models are productive engines as important as assembly lines once were.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Research institutions<\/strong>: Knowledge generation itself is a form of production. Universities, labs, and think tanks produce intellectual capital, which is then transformed into digital tools, medicines, and patents.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If Marx once said that ownership of mills and mines determines class structure, today we might say that ownership of cloud infrastructure and intellectual property defines new digital classes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Social_Justice_Versus_Ownership\"><\/span>Social Justice Versus Ownership<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Traditionally, socialism argued that justice requires <strong>abolishing private ownership<\/strong> of the means of production. Yet in the digital era, ownership becomes more ambiguous. One person with the right algorithms, or the right mathematical insight, could generate trillions in economic value.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/greatest-injustice\/\">An AI once suggested that a mathematician\u2019s fair salary might be <strong>$6 trillion per year<\/strong><\/a>\u2014a figure so astronomical that it cannot be spent on personal consumption. The only real use for such income would be <strong>purchasing means of production<\/strong>: buying cloud platforms, funding research labs, or acquiring global IP portfolios.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This highlights a paradox:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>If socialism demands <strong>equal justice in income<\/strong>, then extraordinary contributors must be compensated fairly\u2014even if that means giving them capital-like salaries.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If socialism demands <strong>abolition of ownership<\/strong>, then such salaries would be forbidden, because they inevitably turn into control over production.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, socialism in the digital age appears to split into two possible branches:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Fair Salaries Socialism<\/strong> \u2013 where individuals can receive immense but justified compensation for unique contributions, even if it gives them disproportionate economic power.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>No-Ownership Socialism<\/strong> \u2013 where individuals are denied such compensation to preserve communal control, even at the cost of perceived injustice toward exceptional talent.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Is_Effective_Socialism_Possible\"><\/span>Is Effective Socialism Possible?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This dilemma raises the deeper question: can socialism, as traditionally imagined, truly function in a world where the value of human knowledge and creativity is so unevenly distributed?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>In the <strong>19th century<\/strong>, factory workforces were relatively interchangeable; no one weaver or coal miner could claim orders of magnitude more value than another.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In the <strong>21st century<\/strong>, however, a single discovery in mathematics, AI, or biotechnology may outproduce entire industries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If socialism cannot resolve this contradiction\u2014between social justice and collective ownership\u2014then perhaps <strong>capitalism, with all its flaws, is not merely persistent but inevitable.<\/strong> Capitalism already allows extraordinary individuals to accumulate wealth proportional to their contributions, though often in unjust and chaotic ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yet abandoning socialism altogether may be premature. A more nuanced future could involve:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Hybrid systems<\/strong> where collective institutions own infrastructure but individuals are richly rewarded for knowledge creation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Digital cooperatives<\/strong> where intellectual property is pooled, and contributors receive dividends proportional to their impact.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Blockchain-based DAOs<\/strong> (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) that transparently measure and distribute value without consolidating ownership in traditional capitalist terms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Socialism in the digital age must be rethought. The cloud is our new factory; research labs are our new mines; mathematicians and AI engineers may be our most \u201cproductive workers.\u201d But socialism faces a structural paradox: either embrace fair but extreme inequalities in compensation, or suppress them at the cost of injustice to extraordinary contributors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This does not mean that capitalism \u201cwins by default.\u201d Rather, it means the next stage of social thought will have to go beyond both 19th-century socialism and 20th-century capitalism, towards a system that recognizes knowledge as the supreme means of production\u2014while still striving for justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"\/zh\/one-time-donation\/\" data-type=\"page\" data-id=\"19044\">Donate<\/a> for a modern form of wealth redistribution <a href=\"\/zh\/ai-internet-socialism\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"19946\">AI Internet-Meritocracy (AIIS) app<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"scien-2136758719\" class=\"scien-after-content scien-entity-placement\"><section>\r\n\r\n<h2>Support Independent Science<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Supporting independent science is not only a matter of fairness to researchers whose expertise and work are often underfunded. It is also essential for addressing <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/who-are-science-marketers\/\">systemic failures in scientific publishing<\/a> that delay discoveries and leave important results unnoticed. In science and software, even one missing component can prevent an entire system from working.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Help valuable research and open-source infrastructure move forward.<\/strong> Please <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/donation\/\">make a donation<\/a><\/strong> to support <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/amateur-scientists\/\">independent scientists<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/free-software\/\">free software developers<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\tOur flagship product is <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/meritocracy\/\">AI Internet-Meritocracy<\/a> - an app, that unlike universities distributes money directly to researchers and open source developers, without bureaucracy.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div><div id=\"scien-716640140\" class=\"scien-after-content-2 scien-entity-placement\"><div data-nosnippet style=\"max-width: 800px\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0\">Ads:<\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n    \/* Compact Table Styling *\/\r\n    .amazon-ad-table {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n        max-width: 800px;\r\n        border-collapse: collapse;\r\n        margin: 10px auto;\r\n        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n        border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table th {\r\n        background-color: #f3f3f3;\r\n        padding: 8px;\r\n        text-align: left;\r\n        border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;\r\n        font-size: 0.9em;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table td {\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n        border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n        vertical-align: middle;\r\n    }\r\n    \/* Column sizing *\/\r\n    .col-image { width: 15%; 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Buying kits supports this ecosystem.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s?k=raspberry+pi+4+starter+kit&tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">View Options<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Sam Williams<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">A detailed history of the free software movement, essential reading for understanding the philosophy behind open source.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n    <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"affiliate-disclosure\">\r\n    <p>As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases resulting from links on this page.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For over a century, socialism has been understood in terms of factories, land, railroads, and natural resources\u2014the tangible \u201cmeans of production.\u201d But in today\u2019s digital economy, those classical categories look [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,34,32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ai-internet-meritocracy","category-grant-science","category-meritocracy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19399"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23546,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19399\/revisions\/23546"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=19399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=19399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}