{"id":24345,"date":"2026-07-17T13:16:45","date_gmt":"2026-07-17T13:16:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/?p=24345"},"modified":"2026-07-17T13:16:55","modified_gmt":"2026-07-17T13:16:55","slug":"supplementary-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Should Teaching, Reviewing, and Dataset Maintenance Count as Scientific Output?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"scien-1610236162\" class=\"scien-before-content scien-entity-placement\"><style>\r\n.amazon-support-link {\r\n    display: inline-flex;\r\n    align-items: baseline;\r\n    gap: 0.3rem;\r\n    padding: 0.35rem 0.55rem;\r\n    color: inherit;\r\n    font-size: 0.88rem;\r\n    line-height: 1.2;\r\n    text-decoration: none;\r\n    opacity: 0.72;\r\n    white-space: nowrap;\r\n    transition: opacity 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link:hover,\r\n.amazon-support-link:focus-visible {\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link small {\r\n    font-size: 0.65rem;\r\n    opacity: 0.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n    .amazon-support-link small {\r\n        display: none;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<a class=\"amazon-support-link\"\r\n   href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/?tag=vpf04-20\"\r\n   target=\"_blank\"\r\n   rel=\"nofollow sponsored noopener\"\r\n   aria-label=\"Shop on Amazon and support World Science DAO\">\r\n    Shop on Amazon <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span>\r\n    <small>affiliate link<\/small>\r\n<\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes\u2014<strong>teaching, peer review, and dataset maintenance should count as scientific output when they produce identifiable, assessable, and reusable value<\/strong>. They should not necessarily receive the same kind or amount of recognition as an original theorem, experiment, or discovery. However, excluding them entirely creates a distorted picture of how science actually works.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scientific progress depends on more than publishing papers. Researchers also:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>train people who will produce future discoveries;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>detect errors before or after publication;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>maintain datasets that support hundreds of analyses;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>document methods and software;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>preserve research objects so that results remain reproducible;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>explain difficult ideas in forms that other people can use.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A credible research-assessment system should therefore distinguish between different kinds of scientific output rather than forcing every contribution into the category of \u201cjournal article.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#What_Counts_as_Scientific_Output\" >What Counts as Scientific Output?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Why_Papers_Alone_Cannot_Represent_Scientific_Production\" >Why Papers Alone Cannot Represent Scientific Production<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Should_Teaching_Count_as_Scientific_Output\" >Should Teaching Count as Scientific Output?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Teaching_should_count_when_it_creates_transferable_scientific_value\" >Teaching should count when it creates transferable scientific value<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Teaching_should_not_be_measured_only_by_student_popularity\" >Teaching should not be measured only by student popularity<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Should_Peer_Review_Count_as_Scientific_Output\" >Should Peer Review Count as Scientific Output?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Substantive_review_is_a_form_of_scientific_quality_control\" >Substantive review is a form of scientific quality control<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Review_should_be_credited_carefully\" >Review should be credited carefully<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Reviews_should_be_independently_citable_where_possible\" >Reviews should be independently citable where possible<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Should_Dataset_Maintenance_Count_as_Scientific_Output\" >Should Dataset Maintenance Count as Scientific Output?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Dataset_maintenance_is_often_indispensable_scientific_work\" >Dataset maintenance is often indispensable scientific work<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Maintenance_should_receive_version-specific_credit\" >Maintenance should receive version-specific credit<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Different_Outputs_Require_Different_Evaluation_Criteria\" >Different Outputs Require Different Evaluation Criteria<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Risks_of_Broadening_the_Definition_of_Scientific_Output\" >Risks of Broadening the Definition of Scientific Output<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Output_inflation\" >Output inflation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Popularity_replacing_quality\" >Popularity replacing quality<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Reciprocal_reviewing\" >Reciprocal reviewing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Maintenance_monopolies\" >Maintenance monopolies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Excessive_metric_aggregation\" >Excessive metric aggregation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#How_AIIM_Could_Reward_Multiple_Forms_of_Scientific_Output\" >How AIIM Could Reward Multiple Forms of Scientific Output<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#A_Better_Definition_of_Scientific_Merit\" >A Better Definition of Scientific Merit<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/supplementary-science\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Counts_as_Scientific_Output\"><\/span>What Counts as Scientific Output?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>scientific output<\/strong> is a durable contribution that improves the creation, verification, communication, preservation, or application of reliable knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This definition is broader than \u201ca paper written by a researcher,\u201d but it is not unlimited. Routine activity does not automatically become scientific output merely because it happens inside a university.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A contribution should normally satisfy several conditions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>It has an identifiable product or result.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Its creator or maintainer can be identified.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Its quality can be evaluated.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>It provides value beyond the act of performing a job.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Its use, influence, or dependency relationships can be documented.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Under this framework, a maintained dataset may qualify, while merely attending a data-management meeting would not. A rigorous public review may qualify, while clicking \u201caccept\u201d on a manuscript without analysis would not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Papers_Alone_Cannot_Represent_Scientific_Production\"><\/span>Why Papers Alone Cannot Represent Scientific Production<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The journal article became the dominant unit of research assessment partly because it is convenient to count. That does not mean it captures every scientifically valuable contribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A paper may depend on:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>years of dataset collection and correction;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>software maintained by researchers who are not listed as authors;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>specialist reviewers who identify serious methodological errors;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>teachers who developed the researcher\u2019s technical abilities;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>documentation that makes replication possible;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>curators who preserve earlier results and metadata.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When assessment recognizes only the final paper, it rewards the visible endpoint while neglecting much of the infrastructure that made the result possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is inconsistent with contemporary open-science policy. UNESCO\u2019s definition of open scientific knowledge includes not only publications but also research data, educational resources, software, source code, and hardware. Its Recommendation on Open Science specifically states that research data require regular curation and maintenance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A more accurate system should represent science as a network of dependent contributions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_Teaching_Count_as_Scientific_Output\"><\/span>Should Teaching Count as Scientific Output?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Teaching_should_count_when_it_creates_transferable_scientific_value\"><\/span>Teaching should count when it creates transferable scientific value<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ordinary teaching is important professional work, but not every lecture should be treated as a separate research output. The relevant distinction is between <strong>delivering instruction<\/strong> and <strong>creating a durable intellectual or educational contribution<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teaching-related scientific outputs may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>an original textbook or advanced set of lecture notes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a carefully designed open course;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a new explanation of a difficult scientific concept;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>verified educational software or interactive demonstrations;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a curriculum introducing an emerging field;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>problem collections, formal exercises, or laboratory protocols;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>educational resources that are reused by other institutions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>mentorship that leads to documented scientific work.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNESCO treats open educational resources as part of the wider open-science ecosystem, supporting the position that educational materials can be legitimate knowledge outputs rather than merely auxiliary university services.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Teaching_should_not_be_measured_only_by_student_popularity\"><\/span>Teaching should not be measured only by student popularity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Student evaluations can provide useful evidence, but they are vulnerable to factors unrelated to scientific or educational quality. A demanding instructor may receive lower ratings than an entertaining but less rigorous one. Ratings can also reflect class size, grading expectations, subject difficulty, and bias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teaching output should instead be evaluated through evidence such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>accuracy and intellectual depth;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>originality of presentation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>adoption by other educators;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>measurable learning outcomes;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>accessibility and documentation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>continuing use over time;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>influence on subsequent research or professional practice.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A widely reused explanation of a difficult theorem may contribute more to science than a minor publication that nobody uses. The assessment system should be capable of recognizing that possibility without assuming that all teaching is equivalent to research discovery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_Peer_Review_Count_as_Scientific_Output\"><\/span>Should Peer Review Count as Scientific Output?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Substantive_review_is_a_form_of_scientific_quality_control\"><\/span>Substantive review is a form of scientific quality control<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Peer review can reveal:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>invalid assumptions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>statistical errors;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>missing prior work;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>irreproducible methods;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unsupported conclusions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ethical problems;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>unclear definitions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>opportunities for stronger experiments or proofs.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A detailed review may materially improve a paper, prevent a false result from entering the literature, or identify a new research question. Such work creates scientific value even when the review itself remains unpublished.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Responsible research-assessment frameworks increasingly recognize peer review alongside teaching, mentoring, software engineering, and data curation as part of the diverse processes through which researchers contribute.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Review_should_be_credited_carefully\"><\/span>Review should be credited carefully<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Counting every completed review equally would produce bad incentives. Researchers might submit superficial reports simply to accumulate points. Review should therefore be recognized according to its demonstrated substance and subsequent usefulness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possible evidence includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>editor or author assessments of the report;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whether the review identified a confirmed problem;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>whether recommendations were adopted;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the depth and specificity of the analysis;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>publication of an open review;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>later validation by other reviewers or replications;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the reviewer\u2019s record of accuracy over time.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Confidentiality must also be preserved where necessary. A system can record that a verified review occurred without immediately disclosing the manuscript, author, or report. Credit may be released later if the journal\u2019s policy and participants permit it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reviews_should_be_independently_citable_where_possible\"><\/span>Reviews should be independently citable where possible<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Open, signed reviews can become research objects with persistent identifiers. Even when a review is anonymous, the system could maintain a cryptographically or institutionally verified record proving that a contribution was made.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This would make reviewing visible without converting it into authorship. The reviewer would receive credit for evaluation, not for creating the reviewed result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The distinction matters:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Authorship creates or reports a scientific contribution; reviewing evaluates, corrects, or validates one. Both can have value, but they are different kinds of output.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This broader model also supports the idea of professional <strong>science marketers<\/strong>: independent evaluators who identify valuable scientific work, explain its importance, and risk their own reputations by recommending it. Such people could perform part of the filtering traditionally associated with journals without needing to own the publication process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Related reading: <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/\">Who Should Pay Peer Reviewers\u2014and for What Exactly?<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/\">A Reputation System for Scientific Reviewers<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Should_Dataset_Maintenance_Count_as_Scientific_Output\"><\/span>Should Dataset Maintenance Count as Scientific Output?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Dataset_maintenance_is_often_indispensable_scientific_work\"><\/span>Dataset maintenance is often indispensable scientific work<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Creating a dataset is not a single event. Valuable datasets may require continuing work to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>correct errors;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>remove duplicates;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>harmonize formats;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>document variables;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>track provenance;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>update classifications;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>manage consent or access restrictions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>preserve compatibility with analytical tools;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>publish new versions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>respond to reports from users;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>prevent link rot or file loss.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Without this maintenance, a dataset can gradually become misleading or unusable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The FAIR Data Principles state that research data should be <strong>Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable<\/strong>. These properties do not arise automatically. They depend on metadata, documentation, identifiers, standards, stewardship, and continuing technical work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">UNESCO likewise describes open research data as requiring good stewardship together with regular curation and maintenance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Maintenance_should_receive_version-specific_credit\"><\/span>Maintenance should receive version-specific credit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dataset creators and maintainers should not be treated as one undifferentiated group. A useful record should specify roles such as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>initial collection;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>validation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>data cleaning;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metadata design;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ontology development;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>privacy review;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>infrastructure administration;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>error correction;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>version migration;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>long-term preservation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Contributor Roles Taxonomy, commonly called CRediT, already recognizes <strong>data curation<\/strong> as a distinct contributor role. This demonstrates that contribution records can be more precise than a binary author\/non-author distinction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Each important dataset version should have:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a persistent identifier;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a release date;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a change log;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>named or pseudonymously verifiable contributors;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>machine-readable metadata;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>licensing and access conditions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>links to previous and subsequent versions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Data citation standards should make citations understandable both to people and to machines, allowing dataset use to become part of formal research attribution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Different_Outputs_Require_Different_Evaluation_Criteria\"><\/span>Different Outputs Require Different Evaluation Criteria<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teaching, reviewing, datasets, software, replications, and original discoveries should not be collapsed into one score without explanation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Output type<\/th><th>Primary value<\/th><th>Appropriate evidence<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Original research<\/td><td>Produces new knowledge<\/td><td>Validity, novelty, importance and later use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Teaching resource<\/td><td>Transfers scientific understanding<\/td><td>Adoption, accuracy, learning value and reuse<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Peer review<\/td><td>Evaluates or improves research<\/td><td>Depth, correctness, detected problems and adopted changes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset creation<\/td><td>Produces reusable evidence<\/td><td>Quality, documentation, uniqueness and scientific use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dataset maintenance<\/td><td>Preserves reliability and accessibility<\/td><td>Corrections, updates, availability and downstream dependencies<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Software maintenance<\/td><td>Keeps computational research operational<\/td><td>Reliability, fixes, reuse and dependent projects<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Replication<\/td><td>Tests existing findings<\/td><td>Methodological rigor and effect on confidence<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Scientific synthesis<\/td><td>Connects existing knowledge<\/td><td>Coverage, accuracy, explanatory power and subsequent use<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A weighting system may conclude that a major discovery deserves a much larger reward than one routine dataset correction. That is reasonable. The correction should nevertheless receive some credit when it verifiably prevents errors or preserves downstream work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The correct alternative to treating all outputs equally is <strong>differentiated evaluation<\/strong>, not exclusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Risks_of_Broadening_the_Definition_of_Scientific_Output\"><\/span>Risks of Broadening the Definition of Scientific Output<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recognition systems can be manipulated. Expanding the list of outputs without improving verification could generate large quantities of low-value material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Output_inflation\"><\/span>Output inflation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers might divide one contribution into many tiny records. Systems should therefore distinguish meaningful updates from trivial administrative changes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Popularity_replacing_quality\"><\/span>Popularity replacing quality<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Downloads, views, or student ratings may indicate attention without proving scientific value. Usage metrics should be supporting evidence, not final judgment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Reciprocal_reviewing\"><\/span>Reciprocal reviewing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Groups could reward one another through favorable reviews. Conflict disclosures, reviewer-reputation models, independent checks, and anomaly detection would be necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Maintenance_monopolies\"><\/span>Maintenance monopolies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A maintainer might resist improvements that reduce dependence on their role. Open governance, documented procedures, interoperable formats, and succession plans can reduce this risk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Excessive_metric_aggregation\"><\/span>Excessive metric aggregation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A single numerical score can conceal essential differences. A scientist who produces excellent datasets and a scientist who proves theorems may both be valuable, but not in identical ways. Their contribution profiles should remain visible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_AIIM_Could_Reward_Multiple_Forms_of_Scientific_Output\"><\/span>How AIIM Could Reward Multiple Forms of Scientific Output<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/\">AI Internet Meritocracy<\/a> could represent scientific production as a dependency graph rather than as a list of papers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In such a graph:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>a paper may depend on a dataset;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the dataset may depend on long-term maintenance;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>an experiment may depend on software;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a corrected paper may depend on a reviewer\u2019s report;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a researcher\u2019s work may depend on a specialized educational resource;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>a replication may raise or lower confidence in an earlier result.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The system could assign separate rewards to each contribution according to its verified role and downstream importance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, when a dataset supports many valuable studies, part of the resulting reward could flow to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the dataset\u2019s original creators;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>contributors who corrected major errors;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>maintainers who kept it usable;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>metadata or ontology designers;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reviewers who verified its quality.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teaching outputs could receive rewards when later research demonstrably depends on them. Reviewers could receive rewards when their assessments prove accurate or prevent unsupported claims from being funded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">AIIM would not need to declare every contribution valuable in advance. It could distribute small initial rewards and revise them as dependency evidence, evaluations, replications, and uses accumulate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is consistent with <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/scientific-funding\/\">research funding based on demonstrated results rather than promises<\/a>, while also recognizing that the \u201cresult\u201d may be infrastructure, education, evaluation, or preservation\u2014not only a conventional paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"A_Better_Definition_of_Scientific_Merit\"><\/span>A Better Definition of Scientific Merit<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scientific merit should measure more than authorship. It should examine how a contribution affects the entire knowledge process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A defensible assessment can ask:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Did the contribution create new knowledge?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did it make existing knowledge understandable?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did it detect or correct an error?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did it make evidence reusable?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did it preserve an important scientific resource?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Did other valuable work depend on it?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Was the contribution performed rigorously and transparently?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can its effect be independently verified?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These questions recognize different scientific roles without pretending that all roles are interchangeable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Teaching, reviewing, and dataset maintenance should count as scientific outputs <strong>when they leave verifiable products or effects that improve science<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Recognition should not mean awarding every activity the status of a major discovery. It should mean recording contributions accurately, evaluating each according to its proper criteria, and distributing credit in proportion to demonstrated value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Science is not produced only by the person whose name appears first on a paper. It is produced by a network of creators, teachers, reviewers, curators, maintainers, replicators, and tool builders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A scientific reward system becomes more accurate\u2014not less\u2014when it can see that network.<\/p>\n<div id=\"scien-2264043329\" class=\"scien-after-content scien-entity-placement\"><section>\r\n\r\n<h2>Support Independent Science<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Supporting independent science is not only a matter of fairness to researchers whose expertise and work are often underfunded. It is also essential for addressing <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/who-are-science-marketers\/\">systemic failures in scientific publishing<\/a> that delay discoveries and leave important results unnoticed. In science and software, even one missing component can prevent an entire system from working.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Help valuable research and open-source infrastructure move forward.<\/strong> Please <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/donation\/\">make a donation<\/a><\/strong> to support <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/amateur-scientists\/\">independent scientists<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/free-software\/\">free software developers<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\tOur flagship product is <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/meritocracy\/\">AI Internet-Meritocracy<\/a> - an app, that unlike universities distributes money directly to researchers and open source developers, without bureaucracy.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div><div id=\"scien-1008997608\" class=\"scien-after-content-2 scien-entity-placement\"><div data-nosnippet style=\"max-width: 800px\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0\">Ads:<\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n    \/* Compact Table Styling *\/\r\n    .amazon-ad-table {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n        max-width: 800px;\r\n        border-collapse: collapse;\r\n        margin: 10px auto;\r\n        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n        border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table th {\r\n        background-color: #f3f3f3;\r\n        padding: 8px;\r\n        text-align: left;\r\n        border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;\r\n        font-size: 0.9em;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table td {\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n        border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n        vertical-align: middle;\r\n    }\r\n    \/* Column sizing *\/\r\n    .col-image { width: 15%; text-align: center; vertical-align: top; padding-top: 10px; }\r\n    .col-desc { width: 65%; }\r\n    .col-action { width: 20%; text-align: center; }\r\n\r\n    \/* Image Placeholder Styling *\/\r\n    \/* YOU WILL REPLACE THIS ENTIRE BLOCK WHEN YOU INSERT REAL AMAZON CODE *\/\r\n    .img-placeholder {\r\n        width: 80px;\r\n        height: 110px;\r\n        background-color: #eee;\r\n        border: 1px solid #ddd;\r\n        color: #666;\r\n        font-size: 0.7em;\r\n        display: flex;\r\n        justify-content: center;\r\n        align-items: center;\r\n        margin: 0 auto;\r\n        text-align: center;\r\n    }\r\n    \r\n    \/* Typography - Smaller fonts and tighter line heights *\/\r\n    .product-title {\r\n        font-size: 1em;\r\n        font-weight: bold;\r\n        color: #007185;\r\n        text-decoration: none;\r\n        display: block;\r\n        margin-bottom: 2px;\r\n    }\r\n    .product-title:hover { color: #C7511F; text-decoration: underline; }\r\n    .product-author { \r\n        color: #565959; \r\n        font-size: 0.8em; \r\n        margin-bottom: 4px; \r\n    }\r\n    .product-blurb { \r\n        font-size: 0.85em; \r\n        line-height: 1.25;\r\n        color: #333; \r\n        margin: 0;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \/* Compact Button Styling *\/\r\n    .amazon-button {\r\n        display: inline-block;\r\n        background-color: #FFD814;\r\n        border: 1px solid #FCD200;\r\n        border-radius: 20px;\r\n        color: #0F1111;\r\n        padding: 6px 10px;\r\n        text-align: center;\r\n        text-decoration: none;\r\n        font-size: 0.8em;\r\n        font-weight: bold;\r\n        box-shadow: 0 2px 5px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);\r\n        transition: background-color 0.2s;\r\n        white-space: nowrap;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-button:hover { background-color: #F7CA00; border-color: #F2C200; cursor: pointer;}\r\n\r\n    \/* Disclosure *\/\r\n    .affiliate-disclosure {\r\n        font-size: 0.75em;\r\n        color: #565959;\r\n        text-align: center;\r\n        margin-top: 5px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    \/* Responsive *\/\r\n    @media (max-width: 600px) {\r\n        .amazon-ad-table thead { display: none; }\r\n        .amazon-ad-table tr { display: flex; flex-direction: column; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding: 10px; }\r\n        .amazon-ad-table td { width: 100%; border: none; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center; }\r\n        .col-desc { text-align: center; }\r\n    }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<table class=\"amazon-ad-table\">\r\n    <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <th>Description<\/th>\r\n            <th>Action<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n    <\/thead>\r\n    <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0553380168?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">A Brief History of Time<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Stephen Hawking<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">A landmark volume in science writing exploring cosmology, black holes, and the nature of the universe in accessible language.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0553380168?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0393609391?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Astrophysics for People in a Hurry<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Neil deGrasse Tyson<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">Tyson brings the universe down to Earth clearly, with wit and charm, in chapters you can read anytime, anywhere.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0393609391?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n         <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s?k=raspberry+pi+4+starter+kit&tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Raspberry Pi Starter Kits<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">Supports Computer Science Education<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">Inexpensive computers designed to promote basic computer science education. Buying kits supports this ecosystem.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s?k=raspberry+pi+4+starter+kit&tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">View Options<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Sam Williams<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">A detailed history of the free software movement, essential reading for understanding the philosophy behind open source.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n    <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"affiliate-disclosure\">\r\n    <p>As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases resulting from links on this page.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yes\u2014teaching, peer review, and dataset maintenance should count as scientific output when they produce identifiable, assessable, and reusable value. They should not necessarily receive the same kind or amount of [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24345","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24345","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24345"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24345\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24346,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24345\/revisions\/24346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24345"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24345"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24345"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}