{"id":23401,"date":"2026-02-18T16:48:21","date_gmt":"2026-02-18T16:48:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/?p=23401"},"modified":"2026-02-18T16:48:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-18T16:48:24","slug":"science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/","title":{"rendered":"Science Funding as Charity: A New Model for Advancing Knowledge"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"scien-3741896401\" class=\"scien-before-content scien-entity-placement\"><style>\r\n.amazon-support-link {\r\n    display: inline-flex;\r\n    align-items: baseline;\r\n    gap: 0.3rem;\r\n    padding: 0.35rem 0.55rem;\r\n    color: inherit;\r\n    font-size: 0.88rem;\r\n    line-height: 1.2;\r\n    text-decoration: none;\r\n    opacity: 0.72;\r\n    white-space: nowrap;\r\n    transition: opacity 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link:hover,\r\n.amazon-support-link:focus-visible {\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    text-decoration: underline;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.amazon-support-link small {\r\n    font-size: 0.65rem;\r\n    opacity: 0.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 900px) {\r\n    .amazon-support-link small {\r\n        display: none;\r\n    }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<a class=\"amazon-support-link\"\r\n   href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/?tag=vpf04-20\"\r\n   target=\"_blank\"\r\n   rel=\"nofollow sponsored noopener\"\r\n   aria-label=\"Shop on Amazon and support World Science DAO\">\r\n    Shop on Amazon <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2197<\/span>\r\n    <small>affiliate link<\/small>\r\n<\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scientific research has historically relied on three primary funding sources: government grants, corporate R&amp;D budgets, and university endowments. However, a fourth model is gaining relevance in the digital era \u2014 <strong>science funding as charity<\/strong>. This approach treats research support not merely as investment or state policy, but as a moral and philanthropic act aimed at advancing human knowledge for the common good \ud83c\udf0d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Below is a structured analysis of this model, its mechanisms, benefits, and challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_85 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#What_Is_Science_Funding_as_Charity\" >What Is Science Funding as Charity?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Historical_Roots_of_Philanthropic_Science\" >Historical Roots of Philanthropic Science<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Why_Treat_Science_as_a_Charitable_Cause\" >Why Treat Science as a Charitable Cause?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Knowledge_as_a_Public_Good\" >Knowledge as a Public Good<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Moral_Framing\" >Moral Framing<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Flexibility_and_Independence\" >Flexibility and Independence<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Modern_Evolution_Digital_and_Decentralized_Philanthropy\" >Modern Evolution: Digital and Decentralized Philanthropy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Advantages_of_Science_Funding_as_Charity\" >Advantages of Science Funding as Charity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Limitations_and_Risks\" >Limitations and Risks<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Charity_vs_Investment_in_Science\" >Charity vs Investment in Science<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Strategic_Implications\" >Strategic Implications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/science-funding-as-charity-a-new-model-for-advancing-knowledge\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Is_Science_Funding_as_Charity\"><\/span>What Is Science Funding as Charity?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Science funding as charity refers to <strong>voluntary donations<\/strong> \u2014 from individuals, foundations, or decentralized communities \u2014 directed toward scientific research without expectation of financial return.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unlike venture capital or corporate sponsorship, charitable funding:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is <strong>non-equity-based<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Does not require commercial viability<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prioritizes social and epistemic value over profit<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Often supports early-stage or unconventional research<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This model aligns closely with the tradition of philanthropic science patronage seen in institutions such as the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Wellcome Trust.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Historical_Roots_of_Philanthropic_Science\"><\/span>Historical Roots of Philanthropic Science<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Private philanthropy has played a decisive role in major scientific breakthroughs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Carnegie Institution for Science funded early astrophysics and biology research.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Rockefeller Foundation supported foundational work in medicine and public health.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Wellcome Trust has become one of the largest biomedical funders globally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These organizations demonstrate that <strong>charitable capital can shape entire scientific fields<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Treat_Science_as_a_Charitable_Cause\"><\/span>Why Treat Science as a Charitable Cause?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Knowledge_as_a_Public_Good\"><\/span>Knowledge as a Public Good<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Scientific knowledge is <strong>non-rivalrous and non-excludable<\/strong>. Once discovered, it benefits everyone. Markets underfund such goods due to the free-rider problem. Charity corrects this market failure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Moral_Framing\"><\/span>Moral Framing<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Funding science through charity reframes research support as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A moral responsibility<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>A contribution to future generations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An act of civilizational stewardship<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Philanthropic science funding parallels donations to hospitals, education, or disaster relief \u2014 but with long-term global impact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Flexibility_and_Independence\"><\/span>Flexibility and Independence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Charitable funding can:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Support high-risk, paradigm-shifting research<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bypass bureaucratic grant cycles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protect academic independence from corporate incentives<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Modern_Evolution_Digital_and_Decentralized_Philanthropy\"><\/span>Modern Evolution: Digital and Decentralized Philanthropy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rise of blockchain and decentralized governance has introduced <strong>Decentralized Science (DeSci)<\/strong> models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Examples include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Community-governed research DAOs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Smart contract-based grant distribution<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Token-curated research funding<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These systems attempt to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Increase transparency \ud83d\udcca<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduce administrative overhead<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Democratize decision-making<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Science funding as charity in this context becomes <strong>programmable philanthropy<\/strong> \u2014 where donations are traceable and rules-based.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_of_Science_Funding_as_Charity\"><\/span>Advantages of Science Funding as Charity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Dimension<\/th><th>Benefit<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Speed<\/td><td>Faster capital deployment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Risk Tolerance<\/td><td>Supports speculative research<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Independence<\/td><td>Less political interference<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Community Engagement<\/td><td>Direct scientist\u2013donor relationship<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Global Access<\/td><td>Borderless funding mechanisms<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Limitations_and_Risks\"><\/span>Limitations and Risks<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Despite its promise, this model faces structural constraints:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Volatility of donations<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Donor bias toward popular topics<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Limited scale compared to state budgets<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lack of long-term funding guarantees<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potential fragmentation of research agendas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Charity cannot easily replace national funding agencies but can complement them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Charity_vs_Investment_in_Science\"><\/span>Charity vs Investment in Science<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Model<\/th><th>Primary Goal<\/th><th>Return Expectation<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Venture Capital<\/td><td>Financial ROI<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Government Grants<\/td><td>National interest<\/td><td>No (public good)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Corporate R&amp;D<\/td><td>Competitive advantage<\/td><td>Yes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Charity<\/td><td>Human knowledge &amp; welfare<\/td><td>No<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Charitable science funding occupies a distinct normative space: it is neither profit-driven nor politically mandated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Strategic_Implications\"><\/span>Strategic Implications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For researchers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Build transparent communication channels<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cultivate donor trust<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Emphasize societal impact<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For donors:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diversify across research domains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Support early-stage ideas<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Consider recurring contributions for stability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For institutions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Develop hybrid funding models combining grants, donations, and decentralized tools<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Science funding as charity represents a <strong>civilizational commitment to knowledge<\/strong>. It complements state and market mechanisms by enabling independent, high-risk, and socially valuable research.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a world facing climate change, pandemics, and technological disruption, philanthropic science may not merely be optional \u2014 it may be essential \ud83d\udd2c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The central question is not whether charity can replace traditional funding. It is whether modern societies are willing to treat scientific progress itself as a moral cause worthy of sustained voluntary support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\ud83d\udc49 <a href=\"\/hi\/don\/\"><strong>Support<\/strong><\/a> our <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/meritocracy\/\">charity project<\/a> that provides AI-based financing of science.<\/p>\n<div id=\"scien-1187487251\" class=\"scien-after-content scien-entity-placement\"><section>\r\n\r\n<h2>Support Independent Science<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Supporting independent science is not only a matter of fairness to researchers whose expertise and work are often underfunded. It is also essential for addressing <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/who-are-science-marketers\/\">systemic failures in scientific publishing<\/a> that delay discoveries and leave important results unnoticed. In science and software, even one missing component can prevent an entire system from working.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>Help valuable research and open-source infrastructure move forward.<\/strong> Please <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/donation\/\">make a donation<\/a><\/strong> to support <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/amateur-scientists\/\">independent scientists<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/free-software\/\">free software developers<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\r\n\t\tOur flagship product is <a href=\"https:\/\/science-dao.org\/hi\/meritocracy\/\">AI Internet-Meritocracy<\/a> - an app, that unlike universities distributes money directly to researchers and open source developers, without bureaucracy.\r\n<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div><div id=\"scien-4009758209\" class=\"scien-after-content-2 scien-entity-placement\"><div data-nosnippet style=\"max-width: 800px\">\r\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0\">Ads:<\/p>\r\n<style>\r\n    \/* Compact Table Styling *\/\r\n    .amazon-ad-table {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n        max-width: 800px;\r\n        border-collapse: collapse;\r\n        margin: 10px auto;\r\n        font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n        border: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table th {\r\n        background-color: #f3f3f3;\r\n        padding: 8px;\r\n        text-align: left;\r\n        border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;\r\n        font-size: 0.9em;\r\n    }\r\n    .amazon-ad-table td {\r\n        padding: 8px 5px;\r\n        border-bottom: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n        vertical-align: middle;\r\n    }\r\n    \/* Column sizing *\/\r\n    .col-image { width: 15%; 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}\r\n        .amazon-ad-table tr { display: flex; flex-direction: column; border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd; padding: 10px; }\r\n        .amazon-ad-table td { width: 100%; border: none; padding: 5px 0; text-align: center; }\r\n        .col-desc { text-align: center; }\r\n    }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<table class=\"amazon-ad-table\">\r\n    <thead>\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <th>Description<\/th>\r\n            <th>Action<\/th>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n    <\/thead>\r\n    <tbody>\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0553380168?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">A Brief History of Time<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Stephen Hawking<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">A landmark volume in science writing exploring cosmology, black holes, and the nature of the universe in accessible language.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0553380168?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0393609391?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Astrophysics for People in a Hurry<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Neil deGrasse Tyson<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">Tyson brings the universe down to Earth clearly, with wit and charm, in chapters you can read anytime, anywhere.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0393609391?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n         <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s?k=raspberry+pi+4+starter+kit&tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Raspberry Pi Starter Kits<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">Supports Computer Science Education<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">Inexpensive computers designed to promote basic computer science education. Buying kits supports this ecosystem.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/s?k=raspberry+pi+4+starter+kit&tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">View Options<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n\r\n        <tr>\r\n            <td class=\"col-desc\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"product-title\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade<\/a>\r\n                <div class=\"product-author\">by Sam Williams<\/div>\r\n                <p class=\"product-blurb\">A detailed history of the free software movement, essential reading for understanding the philosophy behind open source.<\/p>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n            <td class=\"col-action\">\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/dp\/0596002874?tag=vpf04-20\" class=\"amazon-button\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Check Price<\/a>\r\n            <\/td>\r\n        <\/tr>\r\n    <\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"affiliate-disclosure\">\r\n    <p>As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases resulting from links on this page.<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Scientific research has historically relied on three primary funding sources: government grants, corporate R&amp;D budgets, and university endowments. 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